Research-only educational guide

Thymosin Alpha-1 Dosage Calculator and Chart

A structured summary of the published literature discussing thymosin alpha-1 (TA-1), including reported dosing concepts, experimental applications, immune and inflammation-related mechanisms, and safety considerations in research contexts.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Dosage Chart: Quick Breakdown

The table below summarizes dosing structures described in the provided guide as an informational research reference only (not a clinical guideline).

Reported dosing structures discussed in the guide (informational reference only).
Use Context (as described) Dose Frequency Timeframe Notes
Anti-inflammation / immunity (summary chart) 0.5 mg (subcutaneous) [guide] Daily [guide] 6–12 months [guide] Presented as a research-summary chart in the guide.
Clinical-practice reference (infectious disease contexts) 1.6 mg [14] Twice weekly [14] 6–12 months [14] Presented in the guide as a reference point for subcutaneous administration.
Range discussion (short-course, variable objectives) 0.8–6.4 mg (single) [18]
1.6–16 mg (multiple) [18]		 5–7 days (example) [18] Short periods (as described) [18] Included as a range discussion depending on research objectives.

Pharmacokinetic notes in the guide describe peak serum concentration within ~2 hours (also described as the peptide’s half-life), with return to baseline within ~24 hours. [19]

What Is Thymosin Alpha-1?

Thymosin alpha-1 (TA-1) is described in the guide as a peptide fragment identified in 1972 and extracted from thymus gland tissue, composed of a 28–amino-acid chain. [12]

Thymus context (as discussed)

The thymus is described as secreting thymosin in the body, with secretion peaking in childhood and diminishing during puberty. [1]

Immune regulation (as discussed)

The guide discusses immune regulation via T-cell production/maturation and broader immune defense roles. [2]

Research Applications and Reported Findings

The items below summarize findings discussed in the provided guide and its cited sources. These are research findings, not clinical claims.

Wound healing / angiogenesis

  • Endothelial migration, angiogenesis, and wound healing effects discussed in an immunology study. [3]
  • Randomized pilot study on avulsed teeth reimplantation reports short- and long-term benefits discussed in the guide. [4]

Immune system modulation

  • Lower TA-1 serum levels discussed in deficient immune response contexts. [5]
  • TLR signaling / dendritic cell-related discussions (TLR-9, TLR-2) described in the guide. [6,7]
  • Vaccine-adjuvant discussions appear in immunopharmacology literature. [8]

Inflammation / oxidative stress and neuroinflammation models

  • Regulation of inflammatory response and reduced reactive oxygen species described. [9]
  • Inflammatory pain / microglia-mediated cytokine discussions reported in neuroinflammation literature. [10,11]
  • Rodent acute liver failure model reports reduced hepatic inflammation and other outcomes. [13]

Thymosin Alpha-1 Side Effects / Safety Notes

The guide describes TA-1 as having a favorable safety profile in various patient populations in reported use contexts, with a worldwide survey on adverse drug reactions and interactions discussed in the guide. [1]

Combination therapy note

The guide notes that TA-1 in combination with interferon-alpha 2b has been associated with increased incidence of effects such as fever, fatigue, muscle aches, nausea/vomiting, and neutropenia compared with interferon alone. [14]

Tolerability in organ disease contexts

The guide notes TA-1 is discussed as well tolerated in patients with liver disease and kidney illness requiring hemodialysis. [15,16]

Commonly reported adverse effects (as listed)

Category Examples listed Notes
Local reactions Localized irritation, redness [15,17] Discussed as commonly reported in the guide.
Systemic symptoms Fever, fatigue, muscle aches [15,17] Discussed as commonly reported in the guide.
GI / hematologic Nausea, vomiting, neutropenia [15,17] Note: neutropenia is specifically discussed in the guide’s list.

Any protocol design should use appropriate oversight, endpoints, and inclusion/exclusion criteria aligned to institutional requirements.

Dosage Calculator and Guide (Research Context)

This section summarizes the dosing concepts and ranges discussed in the provided guide for research discussion only.

Parameter Guide Summary Citation
Route (as discussed) Subcutaneous injection is described as the typical administration route in the guide. [14]
Clinical-practice reference point 1.6 mg twice weekly for 6–12 months is described in the guide (infectious disease contexts). [14]
Short-course range discussion Single: 0.8–6.4 mg; Multiple: 1.6–16 mg for 5–7 days (as described). [18]
PK / timing note Peak serum concentration within ~2 hours (also described as the half-life); return to baseline within ~24 hours. [19]

Administration Notes (as described)

Typical reference schedule

The guide describes a common clinical practice schedule (infectious disease contexts): 1.6 mg twice weekly for 6–12 months. [14]

Why timing is discussed

The guide discusses that peak serum concentration can occur within ~2 hours, with return to baseline within ~24 hours. [19]

Sample Thymosin Alpha-1 Dosage Protocol (Example)

The guide includes a sample protocol narrative as a reference example (not a clinical instruction).

Parameter Example as described in the guide
Daily dosage 500 mcg TA-1 (subcutaneous), once daily [guide]
Frequency Once daily [guide]
Study duration Until inflammation subsides, up to 6–12 months [guide]
Discontinuation note Discontinue upon excessive swelling or irritation (as described). [guide]
Vial utilization note Guide states a 10 mg vial may suffice for a ~20-day course following this example protocol. [guide]

The guide’s discussion links dosing cadence considerations to short half-life / exposure timing notes. [19]

Thymosin Alpha-1 Dosing (Verdict Summary)

The guide discusses thymosin alpha-1 as an immunomodulatory polypeptide increasingly studied for immune support and inflammation-related outcomes. Research discussions include serum level differences in disease contexts and a generally favorable tolerability profile at described doses. [5,15,17]

Overall, dosing concepts presented here are research-summary statements and should be confined to controlled laboratory or regulated clinical research contexts.

References

  1. Thymosin alpha1. Thymosin Alpha1 – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved August 2, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/thymosin-alpha1
  2. Wara, D. W., & Author Affiliations From the Department of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Thymosin activity in patients with cellular immunodeficiency: Nejm. New England Journal of Medicine. Retrieved August 3, 2022, from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM197501092920204
  3. Thymosin α1 Stimulates Endothelial Cell Migration, Angiogenesis, and Wound Healing. Katherine M. Malinda, Gurmel S. Sidhu, Krishna K. Banaudha, Jaya P. Gaddipati, Radha K. Maheshwari, Allan L. Goldstein, Hynda K. Kleinman. The Journal of Immunology January 15, 1998, 160 (2) 1001-1006;
  4. Loo, W. T. Y., Dou, Y. D., Chou, W. K. J., & Wang, M. (2008, June 3). Thymosin alpha 1 provides short-term and long-term benefits in the reimplantation of Avulsed Teeth: A double-blind randomized control pilot study. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Retrieved July 26, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675707005992
  5. Pica F, Gaziano R, Casalinuovo IA, et al. Serum thymosin alpha 1 levels in normal and pathological conditions. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2018;18(sup1):13-21. doi:10.1080/14712598.2018.1474197
  6. Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, Bozza S, Montagnoli C, Perruccio K, Pitzurra L, Bellocchio S, Velardi A, Rasi G, Di Francesco P, Garaci E. thymosin alpha-1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through toll-like receptor signaling. Blood. 2004;103:4232–4239.
  7. Yao Q, Doan LX, Zhang R, Bharadwaj U, Li M, Chen C. Thymosin-alpha1 modulates dendritic cell differentiation and functional maturation from human peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes. Immunol Lett. 2007;110(2):110-120. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2007.04.007
  8. Naylor PH, Quadrini K, Garaci E, Rasi G, Hadden JW. Immunopharmacology of thymosin alpha1 and cytokine synergy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:235–244.
  9. Kharazmi-Khorassani J, Asoodeh A. Thymosin alpha-1; a natural peptide inhibits cellular proliferation, cell migration, the level of reactive oxygen species and promotes the activity of antioxidant enzymes in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line (A549). Environ Toxicol. 2019;34(8):941-949. doi:10.1002/tox.22765
  10. Xu, Y., Jiang, Y., Wang, L. et al. Thymosin Alpha-1 Inhibits Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-Induced Pain and Production of Microglia-Mediated Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Spinal Cord. Neurosci. Bull. 35, 637–648 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-019-00346-z
  11. Huang, Jiahuaa; Jiang, Huaqinga; Pan, Meijuna; Jiang, Yanjunb; Xie, Lijinb. Immunopotentiator thymosin alpha-1 attenuates inflammatory pain by modulating the Wnt3a/β-catenin pathway in spinal cord, NeuroReport: January 8, 2020 – Volume 31 – Issue 1 – p 69-75. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001370
  12. Thymosin alpha1: Isolation and sequence analysis of an … – PNAS. (n.d.). Retrieved July 26, 2022, from https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.74.2.725
  13. Yang, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Tang, T., Kong, Y., Ye, F. … Lin, S. (2018). Thymosin α1 treatment reduces hepatic inflammation and inhibits hepatocyte apoptosis in rats with acute liver failure. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15, 3231-3238. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5843
  14. Piratvisuth T. (2008). Reviews for APASL guidelines: immunomodulator therapy of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology international, 2(2), 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-008-9046-5
  15. RxList. (2021, June 28). Side effects of zadaxin (Thymalfasin), warnings, uses. RxList. Retrieved July 26, 2022, from https://www.rxlist.com/zadaxin-side-effects-drug-center.htm
  16. Enrico Garaci (2018) From thymus to cystic fibrosis: the amazing life of thymosin alpha 1, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 18:sup1, 9-11, DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1484447
  17. Ancell, C. D., Phipps, J., & Young, L. (2001). Thymosin alpha-1. American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 58(10), 879–888. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/58.10.886
  18. Dominari, A., Hathaway Iii, D., Pandav, K., Matos, W., Biswas, S., Reddy, G., Thevuthasan, S., Khan, M. A., Mathew, A., Makkar, S. S., Zaidi, M., Fahem, M. M. M., Beas, R., Castaneda, V., Paul, T., Halpern, J., & Baralt, D. (2020). Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World journal of virology, 9(5), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.67
  19. Tao, N., Xu, X., Ying, Y., Hu, S., Sun, Q., Lv, G., & Gao, J. (2023). Thymosin α1 and Its Role in Viral Infectious Diseases: The Mechanism and Clinical Application. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 28(8), 3539. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083539

Educational content for research discussion only. Not medical advice.